The seismic wavelet, well ties, and the search for. The purposes of this association are to advance the science of geology. The driving forces for conventional accumulations structural or stratigraphic traps are forces of buoyancy which are due to differences in densities of hydrocarbons and water. Dolson cochaired an amoco symposium on stratigraphic trap exploration in 1989 and the cairo 98 aapg hedberg conference integrated structural and sequence stratigraphic analysis in rift settings. The second edition of the aapg stratigraphic traps of the middle east workshop took place on 11 december 2017 at the shangrila barr al jissah hotel, muscat, oman. The new structure, which has been mapped with twodimensional seismic, covers a twentyfivesquaremile area and is a structural rather than a stratigraphic trap, which means gasbearing reservoir sands would likely be thicker and more productive than thinner layers of reservoir more likely in a. In type a, turbidites thin onto the confining surfacealthough the final sandstone pinchout is commonly abruptand individual. Introduction migration of petroleum petroleum traps structural traps stratigraphic traps combination traps timing of trap formation conclusion references 3. G e o s c i e n c e e x p l a i n e d searching for. Foster and edward beaumont, 1992, isbn 00891815872. Stratigraphic traps are formed by deposition of reservoir rock, such as river channel or reef, or by erosion of reservoir rock, such as an angular unconformity. Secondary stratigraphic trap article about secondary stratigraphic trap by the free dictionary. Detect channels and enhance stratigraphic trap interpretation.
Relaxation results for 40 hz south glenrock data with a 0 b 1 0o0, c 20oo, d ffi 30% and e ffi 400 added noise. Stratigraphic traps iii, treatise of petroleum geology. Identification of seismic stratigraphic traps using. Stratigraphic traps have commonly a structural dips stratigraphic traps, it is likely that only heavy hc might be discovered as the seals cannot contain the light fraction of hc. Stratigraphic trap article about stratigraphic trap by. Seismic expression of a subtle stratigraphic trap, lexington field, clark county, kansas larry j. The revisions to the code that are included in this 2005 edition encompass a. Stratigraphic traps american association of petroleum. Hydrocarbon traps that result from changes in rock type or pinchouts, unconformities, or other sedimentary features such as reefs or buildups are called stratigraphic traps. North american stratigraphic code1 north american commission on stratigraphic nomenclature foreword to the revised edition by design, the north american stratigraphic code is meant to be an evolving document, one that requires change as the field of earth science evolves. Structural traps american association of petroleum. Lexington field is located in northeastern clark county, kansas, principally in secs. The structure and hydrocarbon traps of sedimentary basins.
With accurate well ties, made using the known zerophase wavelet, individual stratigraphic units can be identified and. The american association of petroleum geologists is an international organization with over 38,000 members in 100plus countries. Stratigraphic trap definition of stratigraphic trap by. Secondary stratigraphic trap article about secondary. Structural traps are the most important type of trap as they represent the. Key elements for a structural and b stratigraphic hydrocarbon traps. Structural traps are formed by tectonic forces after the sedi mentary rocks have been deposited. Many other such reservoirs are waiting to be located by the drill.
Dalam keilmuan geology terutama dibidang keilmuan yang lebih specific yaitu geofisika, perpaduan antara ilmu geology dan ilmu fisika terapan. Seismic model study of patrick draw field, wyoming. Traps are described as structural traps in deformed strata such as folds and faults or stratigraphic traps in areas where rock types change, such as unconformities, pinchouts and reefs. If the data have also been processed such that most of the multiple energy has been removed, the reflections are essentially primaries only. He has a keen interest in the application of computing technology and workstations in. Structural traps are formed by deformation of reservoir rock, such as by folding or. The most common type of structural trap is formed by an anticline, a structure with a concave as viewed from below roof caused by the local deformation of the reservoir rock and the impermeable cap rock. Pdf historically, stratigraphic traps have been perceived to be more risky than structural traps. As there are different types of stratigraphic traps, understanding of the stratigraphy is. Now its time for you to deal with what sedimentary and volcanic rocks are like on a larger scale. Two types of petroleum traps are structural and stratigraphic. M21 cd stratigraphic traps in sandstones exploration. Structural and stratigraphic elements 79 eastern cuba 1 northern oriente area. In systems confined by lateral or oblique frontal slopes, outcrop studies show that there is a continuum between two geometries of pinchout configuration.
In contrast, the driving forces for unconventional tight accumulations are forces of expulsion which are produced by high pressures. Structural, stratigraphic and combination traps on outcropping lithostratigraphic units of the anambra basin, southeast nigeria article pdf available in petroleum and coal 621. Stratigraphic traps are hydrocarbon accumulations independent of structural or fault closure. The bottom three represent facies contacts developed within systems tracts. A seal or a cap is necessary for an effective trap. The geology of stratigraphic sequences springerlink. Structural traps may have a stratigraphic component or vice versa.
These traps extend for many miles along a fairly narrow belt at the updip limit of the sand. Sometimes the distinction whether the trap belongs to one system or another is quite blurred. Traps with two or more trapping elements are called combination traps. Di dunia migas istilah seismic bukan hal baru bagi kebanyakan professional engineer yang berkecimpung di. Achieve accurate basin, prospect, and fieldscale 2d3d seismic reconnaissance and interpretation for a thorough understanding of your reservoirs with petrel geophysics. Thus, a mildly deformed province may contain sets of symmetrical bucklefolds figs. Process controls on the development of stratigraphic trap.
A stratigraphic trap is a rock formation that contains hydrocarbons and is sealed by. Stratigraphic trapping at pinchout margins is a key feature of many turbiditehosted hydrocarbon reservoirs. Pdf structural, stratigraphic and combination traps on. The original ideas of sloss and of vail building on the early work of blackwelder, grabau, ulrich, levorsen and others that the stratigraphic record could be subdivided into sequences, and that these sequences store essential information about basinforming and subsidence processes, remains as powerful an idea as when it was first formulated. Structural trap is a type of geological trap that forms as a result of changes in the structure of the subsurface, due to tectonic, diapiric, gravitational and. Stratigraphic trap a second major class of oil traps is the stratigraphic trap. This year we had seventy two attendees from ten different countries. However, many giant fields are the result of stratigraphic or combination traps, including, for example, prudhoe bay, which.
Exploring for stratigraphic traps schlumberger limited. The field is a classic example of a stratigraphic trap, where upper cretaceous porous sandstone units pinch out on a structural nose. Paleogeographic reconstruction of facies belts at precise moments in time is the goal of the sequence stratigrapher. The prediction of trap capacity for stratigraphic traps must consider both the seal capacity of the rocks above and below the reservoir and the seal capacity of lateral rocks.
Such withintrend facies contacts may be marked on a sequence stratigraphic crosssection only after the sequence stratigraphic framework has been constructed. Frequently porous limestone or dolomite grades updip into a nonporous rock. Twodimensional seismic modeling was used to construct the seismic. The patrick draw field, located on the eastern flank of the rock springs uplift in the washakie basin of southwestern wyoming, was discovered in 1959 without the use of geophysical methods. For university earth science majors and less experienced members of the energy industry, the cd is presented as a reference work. It is related to sediment deposition or erosion and is bounded on one or more sides by zones of low permeability. Furthermore, a feature identification of seismic stratigraphic traps 457 eo iiiiiii 65 6o i11 o i 3, 4 iteration fig. The trapping mechanisms for many petroleum reservoirs have characteristics from several categories and can be known as a combination trap. The use of seismic attributes to detect channels and. Find out information about secondary stratigraphic trap. Diagrams of structural and stratigraphic traps a trap is a geologic structure or a stratigraphic feature capable of retaining hydrocarbons.
Although sand pinchouts are stratigraphic traps, folding and faulting may be important in controlling production. Sequence stratigraphy as a concrete stratigraphic discipline abstract sequence stratigraphy is a stratigraphic discipline in which stratigraphic surfaces that represent changes in depositional trend are used for correlation and for defining specific types of sequence stratigraphic units. In petroleum geology, a trap is a geological structure affecting the reservoir rock and caprock of a petroleum system allowing the accumulation of hydrocarbons in a reservoir. A structural trap accumulates hydrocarbon at the peak beneath impervious cap rock. This attribute greatly enhanced the channel detection and stratigraphic traps interpretation workflow and helped to identify and visualize stratigraphic features.
This study analyses 271 exploration wells worldwide. Sequence stratigraphy as a sequence stratigraphy as a. Structural traps are the most important type of trap as they represent the majority of the worlds discovered petroleum resources. Stratigraphic traps in sandstone exploration techniques memoir 21 by busch, daniel and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at. The complexity and communication between contractional structures are, to a great extent, dependent on the deformation.
A change in rock properties results in entrapment of hydrocarbon independent from structure. Worldclass reservoirs in giant fields are associated with large anticlinal structures as illustrated in the cross. Pdf structural and stratigraphic interpretations seismic. Petroleum is the general term used for all the natural hydrocarbons found in rocks. Quickly the reader will note the same relationships in sequence stratigraphy recognized by the author. Open structural noses provide the lateral structural seals to subtle combination traps, which are sealed updip by lateral depositional or onlap pinchout, subcrop. Stratigraphic traps sandstones exploration techniques. Kendall the purpose of this atlas is to help exploration and. Stratigraphic trap definition is a natural reservoir in which oil or gas may be confined because of changes in porosity and permeability of the strata rather than as a result of their structural attitudes. Though memoir 21 was first published in 1974, the concepts and illustrations are timeless for those interested in stratigraphic exploration for sandstone reservoirs. Stratigraphic traps iii, treatise of petroleum geology, atlas of oil and gas fields edited by norman h. Because tectonics ultimately control deposition and erosion, however, few stratigraphic traps are completely without structural influence. The deliberate search for stratigraphic and subtle combination traps.
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